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The most comprehensive knowledge of fertilizer in history

发布时间：2021-06-08 发布者：admin 所属类别：TECHNIQUE SUPPORT

First, the necessary elements of plant growth

1. What is the necessary element (nutrients)?

There are nearly 60 different elements in plants, but most of them are not necessary for plant growth and development. There are only 16 kinds of elements necessary for plant growth and development, namely carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, boron and chlorine. These 16 elements are called essential elements. They are called essential elements because of the lack of any of them, the growth and development of plants is not normal, and each element cannot be replaced by each other, nor can it be replaced by elements with very similar chemical properties.
Among the 16 elements necessary for plants, there are 9 kinds of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The plant absorbs a lot and is called a large amount of elements; iron, manganese, zinc, copper and molybdenum. Seven elements, such as boron and chlorine, have a small amount of plant absorption and are called trace elements.
Among the 16 essential elements, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen come from the atmosphere and water, and the rest of the elements are absorbed from the soil by plant roots. The compounds of each element have many forms, but the roots can only absorb the form of the compounds that they can use. For example, for nitrogen, most plants can only absorb ammonium nitrogen (NH4?N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3? N), like phosphorus, the main form of plant utilization is orthophosphate (H3PO4). Therefore, it is important to understand the plant's absorption pattern of elements.

2. What are the characteristics of the necessary elements?

3. Classification of essential elements required by plants

A large number of elements: content >0.1%
Medium amount element: 0.01% <content <0.1%
Trace elements: content <0.01%

Second, crop absorption characteristics

1. Minimum nutrient law

Li Bishi, a German chemist and advocate of modern agricultural chemistry, proposed (J.V. Liebig)
Minimum nutrient law?
The minimum nutrient is the guiding significance of the minimum nutrient law that changes with time, place and crop growth period for scientific and rational fertilization:
The demand for nutrients in crops is not average. The highest nutrients do not affect yield, but the relatively small amount of nutrients limits crop yield.

2. The law of diminishing returns

The remuneration received from a certain land increases as the amount of labor and capital invested in the land increases, but as the input increases, the remuneration received by unit labor and capital is decreasing.
Graphical representation of the law of diminishing returns
The guiding significance of the law of diminishing returns to scientific and rational fertilization:
Fertilizers are not as much as possible. The fertilizers are not only costly, but also may cause fertilizer damage, affecting production or harvest.

3. Nutrient return theory

The guiding significance of nutrient returning theory on scientific and rational fertilization:
In order to obtain continuous high yield and stable yield, it is necessary to timely supplement the various nutrients required for crop growth and development.

Third, the fruit tree needs fertilizer characteristics

1. How many times does the fruit tree apply fertilizer a year?
The importance of applying fruit fertilizer to fruit trees:

1. The tree body is restored in time, and there is sufficient nutrient accumulation in winter to improve cold resistance;

2. After the nutrition is supplemented, it can promote the good differentiation of flower buds, lay a foundation for improving the fruit set rate in the next year, and lay a foundation for the next spring germination;

3, the application of fruit fertilizer can prevent winter leaves, extend the life of the leaves, is conducive to the next year's flowers and preserve fruit, reserve nutrients for the coming year to prevent the size of the year.

Physiological effects of essential elements of plants

1. Physiological effects of plant essential elements and symptoms of deficiency

Physiological effects of nitrogen (N): Nitrogen is a component of nucleic acids, coenzymes, phospholipids, chlorophyll, cytochromes, plant hormones (CTK), and vitamins. It is a constituent element of proteins and nucleotides, participates in the formation of chlorophyll and enhances photosynthesis.

Symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in plants: old leaves are yellowed and burnt, new leaves are light green, and early maturity.
Examples of plant nitrogen deficiency:

Physiological effects of phosphorus (P): Phosphorus plays an important role in cell division and flowering. It has a good effect on improving stress resistance (resistance to disease, cold resistance and drought resistance). Promote root development, especially the growth of lateral roots and fine roots. Accelerate flower bud differentiation, early flowering and maturity.
Symptoms of plant phosphorus deficiency: Plant growth and development are blocked, with few branches, short, dark green or purple-red spots on the leaves, and the stems are purple-red and tarnished.

Examples of plant phosphorus deficiency:

The physiological role of potassium (K): the content in plants exceeds P, and the high-yield crops also exceed N, mainly in the ionic state. It is an activator of many enzymes (more than 60 kinds) in the organism and is important for constituting cell osmotic potential. The composition regulates the opening and closing of the pores, promotes photosynthetic phosphorylation, and promotes the transportation of the assimilates.

Symptoms of potassium deficiency in plants: The tip or leaf margin is yellow, brown, and burnt like burning, with brown spots or plaques on the leaves, but the green veins are still green.

Examples of plant potassium deficiency:

Physiological effects of calcium (Ca): Calcium is a component of pectin calcium in the cell wall; it is related to cell division; it stabilizes the function of biofilm; it can bind to organic acid as insoluble calcium salt and relieves excessive accumulation of organic acid on plants. Hazard; a small number of enzyme activators.

Symptoms of calcium deficiency in plants: The apical buds, lateral buds, root tips and other meristems are perishable and dead, the tip of the leaves is hook-shaped, and they stick to each other, dry heartburn, tendon rot, and umbilical rot.
Examples of plant calcium deficiency:

The physiological role of boron (B): Boron affects the development of reproductive organs, affects the elongation and division of cells in crops, and plays an important role in flowering and fruiting.

Symptoms of boron deficiency in plants: the top stops growing and gradually dies, the roots are underdeveloped, the leaves become green, the leaves are thick, shrinking, the plants are dwarfed, the stems and petiole are easy to crack, brittle and thick, the flowers are incomplete, and the flowers are not real. The bud flower is easy to fall off.

Physiological effects of zinc (Zn): It is a component and activator of various enzymes. More than 80 zinc-containing enzymes have been found to participate in the synthesis of auxin.

Symptoms of zinc deficiency in plants: The auxin content of the old tissues first decreased, the growth of plants was blocked, the internodes were shortened, and the leaf expansion was inhibited, which was characterized by small leaf clusters, called lobular disease or cluster leaf disease. White stripe disease occurs in zinc deficiency in corn.

Examples of zinc deficiency in plants:

The physiological role of magnesium (Mg): it is an important component of chlorophyll, an activator of various enzymes, and plays an important role in photosynthesis.

Symptoms of magnesium deficiency in plants: Mg is easily moved in plants, and symptoms are first expressed in old leaves when magnesium is deficient. The old leaves have chlorosis between the veins, and the veins remain green, forming a clear green reticular vein pattern (the grass is striped with chlorosis when the magnesium is deficient in magnesium), and the chlorotic part changes from pale green to yellow or white.

Examples of plant magnesium deficiency:

Physiological effects of manganese (Mn): Manganese is a component of chloroplasts that promotes seed development and early seedling growth and plays an important role in photosynthesis and protein formation.

Symptoms of manganese deficiency in plants: Symptoms start from the new leaves, the leaves are chlorotic, the veins are still green, and brown or gray spots appear on the leaves, which gradually become strips. In severe cases, the leaves are chlorotic and necrotic.

Examples of plant manganese deficiency:

The physiological role of molybdenum (Mo): it is the essential element that requires the least amount. MoO42- is a component of nitrate reductase and nitrogenase.

Symptoms of plant hypoxia: new leaves are deformed and spotted. Scattered on the blade. Poor growth, short plants, the lack of molybdenum in legumes affects nitrogen fixation, and the pods are not full.

Examples of plant molybdenum deficiency:

2. How to distinguish between vegetative deficiency disorders and invasive diseases

3. Different requirements for chlorine in chlorine, chlorine and chlorine-free crops
Chlorine crops??Onions, spinach, celery, kale, etc.

Chlorine-tolerant crops – rice, wheat, barley, corn, etc.

Avoid chlorine crops?? Tobacco, potatoes, sweet potatoes, watermelons, beets, etc.

Scientific fertilizer: Chlorine-containing fertilizers should first be promoted on chlorine and chlorine-tolerant crops.